炎癥“核心三角”的深度對(duì)話：IL-6、IL-1β與TNF-α如何共舞，推動(dòng)疾病進(jìn)展？
日期：2025-11-05 17:31:33
炎癥是機(jī)體維持穩(wěn)態(tài)與應(yīng)對(duì)損傷的關(guān)鍵防御機(jī)制，但其調(diào)控失衡則成為多種慢性疾病的重要病理基礎(chǔ)。白細(xì)胞介素-6（IL-6）、白細(xì)胞介素-1β（IL-1β）和腫瘤壞死因子-α（TNF-α）被廣泛認(rèn)為是炎癥反應(yīng)的核心促炎細(xì)胞因子，構(gòu)成免疫網(wǎng)絡(luò)的關(guān)鍵樞紐。
深入理解IL-6、IL-1β與TNF-α的分子網(wǎng)絡(luò)，對(duì)于精準(zhǔn)診斷及開(kāi)發(fā)多靶點(diǎn)炎癥治療策略具有重要意義。本文旨在闡明三種細(xì)胞因子在炎癥反應(yīng)中的分子機(jī)制及其病理生理意義，探討三者在不同疾病中的協(xié)同作用與動(dòng)態(tài)平衡，以期為您的研究提供幫助。
1. 什么是核心促炎細(xì)胞因子？
炎癥是機(jī)體抵御感染、修復(fù)組織及維持穩(wěn)態(tài)的重要生理過(guò)程。該反應(yīng)通過(guò)復(fù)雜的細(xì)胞與分子事件清除有害刺激并促進(jìn)組織修復(fù)。然而，若炎癥反應(yīng)持續(xù)或調(diào)控失衡，便會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)化為慢性炎癥，誘發(fā)代謝紊亂、自身免疫病、神經(jīng)退行性疾病及腫瘤等多種病理狀態(tài)。研究表明，細(xì)胞因子網(wǎng)絡(luò)在炎癥反應(yīng)中起核心調(diào)控作用，其中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α是關(guān)鍵的促炎信號(hào)介質(zhì) [1]。
這些細(xì)胞因子由巨噬細(xì)胞、T細(xì)胞、B細(xì)胞及成纖維細(xì)胞等多種免疫細(xì)胞分泌，通過(guò)與特異受體結(jié)合激活下游信號(hào)通路，從而調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應(yīng)與細(xì)胞存活。免疫網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析顯示，IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α在拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)中具有最高中心性，是維持免疫系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)態(tài)的重要節(jié)點(diǎn) [2]。它們的異常激活與糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變（DR）、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡（SLE）和結(jié)直腸癌（CRC）等疾病密切相關(guān) [3-6]。
2. IL-6、IL-1β與TNF-α的信號(hào)通路與調(diào)控
IL-6、IL-1β與TNF-α是炎癥反應(yīng)的三大核心介質(zhì)。它們通過(guò)特異受體啟動(dòng)信號(hào)級(jí)聯(lián)，激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子，調(diào)控多種促炎基因表達(dá)，從而驅(qū)動(dòng)炎癥過(guò)程。本章將系統(tǒng)分析三者的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)機(jī)制、相互調(diào)控與分子網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
2.1 IL-6信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)與效應(yīng)
IL-6信號(hào)主要通過(guò)JAK/STAT3通路實(shí)現(xiàn)。IL-6與膜結(jié)合或可溶性IL-6受體（IL-6R）結(jié)合后，與gp130形成復(fù)合體，誘導(dǎo)gp130二聚化并激活JAK家族激酶。隨后STAT3被磷酸化、二聚化并轉(zhuǎn)位入核，調(diào)控急性期蛋白及炎癥相關(guān)基因表達(dá) [8]。
IL-6的反式信號(hào)（trans-signaling）在炎癥調(diào)控中尤為關(guān)鍵。例如，IL-6/sIL-6R復(fù)合體能激活缺乏膜型IL-6R的細(xì)胞，增強(qiáng)破骨細(xì)胞分化與炎癥反應(yīng) [9,10]。在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中，IL-6/sIL-6R可與TNF-α或IL-1β協(xié)同，誘導(dǎo)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞IL-6自分泌表達(dá) [11]。此外，miR-223-3p通過(guò)負(fù)向調(diào)控STAT3形成反饋回路，而TNF-α可上調(diào)該miRNA以平衡炎癥 [12,13]。
在腫瘤中，IL-6/STAT3軸異常激活促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞增殖與轉(zhuǎn)移，如前列腺癌及肺癌中均觀察到STAT3持續(xù)磷酸化 [8,15]。病毒因子如KSHV編碼的vIL-6亦可激活宿主STAT3通路，提示該信號(hào)軸在感染性腫瘤中的重要作用 [16]。
2.2 IL-1β信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)與效應(yīng)
IL-1β以無(wú)活性的pro-IL-1β形式存在，其成熟依賴NLRP3炎性體介導(dǎo)的Caspase-1激活。炎性體由NLRP3、ASC和Caspase-1組成，能感知LPS、ATP及病毒等刺激，促使IL-1β與IL-18成熟釋放 [17-20]。
成熟的IL-1β與IL-1R結(jié)合后，啟動(dòng)MyD88依賴性通路，激活I(lǐng)RAKs與TRAF6，進(jìn)而觸發(fā)NF-κB與MAPK通路，誘導(dǎo)TNF-α、IL-6等促炎基因轉(zhuǎn)錄 [21-24]。
在骨關(guān)節(jié)炎、腸炎及膿毒癥心肌病等疾病中，IL-1β驅(qū)動(dòng)軟骨細(xì)胞凋亡、基質(zhì)降解與心肌功能障礙 [19][25][27]。其調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)涉及多種非編碼RNA：如miR-4701-5p通過(guò)抑制HMGA1緩解炎癥，lncRNA HAGLR沉默則通過(guò)miR-130a-3p/JAK1軸減輕軟骨細(xì)胞損傷 [26][27]。
天然產(chǎn)物（如大蒜多糖）可通過(guò)抑制NF-κB/STAT3活化顯著降低IL-1β、IL-6與TNF-α水平 [14]。這些研究揭示IL-1β在炎癥級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)中的核心驅(qū)動(dòng)力與多層調(diào)控機(jī)制。
2.3 TNF-α信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)與效應(yīng)
TNF-α通過(guò)TNFR1和TNFR2受體介導(dǎo)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)，廣泛調(diào)控細(xì)胞存活、凋亡及炎癥反應(yīng)。其主要通路包括NF-κB和MAPK激活級(jí)聯(lián) [29-32]。TNFR1活化后募集TRADD、RIP1與TRAF2，形成信號(hào)復(fù)合物并激活I(lǐng)KK復(fù)合體。IKKβ磷酸化IκBα后促使其降解，NF-κB二聚體（p65/p50）轉(zhuǎn)位入核并誘導(dǎo)IL-6、IL-1β、CCL2等基因表達(dá) [30][22]。同時(shí)，TNF-α還通過(guò)p38和JNK調(diào)節(jié)炎癥、凋亡與應(yīng)激反應(yīng) [24][30]。
在類(lèi)風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎（RA）中，TNF-α激活滑膜細(xì)胞NF-κB/MAPK信號(hào)，促進(jìn)MMPs與IL-6釋放，驅(qū)動(dòng)關(guān)節(jié)破壞 [30]；在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化中，TNF-α與MCP-1共同參與早期斑塊形成 [34]。此外，其與IFN-γ可協(xié)同誘導(dǎo)CXCL10?炎性巨噬細(xì)胞表型，揭示不同炎癥疾病間共享的病理機(jī)制 [33]。在椎間盤(pán)退變與異種移植模型中，TNF-α的持續(xù)激活同樣導(dǎo)致組織損傷與排斥反應(yīng) [17][22]。綜上，TNF-α通過(guò)NF-κB與MAPK雙通路構(gòu)成炎癥反應(yīng)的核心調(diào)控軸。
2.4 細(xì)胞因子信號(hào)通路整合分析
IL-6、IL-1β與TNF-α下游信號(hào)具有顯著交叉性。IL-1β和TNF-α通過(guò)NF-κB/MAPK驅(qū)動(dòng)炎癥擴(kuò)散，而IL-6以JAK/STAT3為主軸維持反應(yīng)持續(xù)。天然化合物Ebosin及植物醇通過(guò)抑制IKKβ、p38與JNK磷酸化有效降低炎癥反應(yīng) [20][28]。這種信號(hào)交叉使炎癥反應(yīng)具備可塑性，也為多靶點(diǎn)干預(yù)提供理論依據(jù)。
2.5 細(xì)胞因子間的交叉與網(wǎng)絡(luò)調(diào)控
IL-6、IL-1β與TNF-α間的相互誘導(dǎo)與反饋調(diào)節(jié)構(gòu)建了復(fù)雜炎癥網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
研究表明，IL-1β與TNF-α相互誘導(dǎo)并協(xié)同促進(jìn)IL-6表達(dá)，形成炎癥放大回路 [7][8][24]。在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中，IL-6/sIL-6R與IL-1β或TNF-α協(xié)同上調(diào)IL-6形成正反饋 [8]。此外，IL-1β可誘導(dǎo)GRP78上調(diào)并經(jīng)p38 MAPK促進(jìn)IL-6釋放 [21,22]，揭示了炎癥信號(hào)與細(xì)胞應(yīng)激間的交叉調(diào)控。
3. 病理生理學(xué)意義與疾病關(guān)聯(lián)
IL-6、IL-1β與TNF-α異常表達(dá)與多種疾病密切相關(guān)：
- 在代謝性疾病中，三者在糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變中協(xié)同升高，促進(jìn)血管生成與神經(jīng)損傷 [3]；
- 在SLE中，其血清水平與疾病活動(dòng)度呈正相關(guān) [4]；
- 在腫瘤中，IL-6/STAT3信號(hào)持續(xù)激活驅(qū)動(dòng)細(xì)胞增殖與免疫逃逸 [10][11]；
- 在感染性疾病與膿毒癥中，NLRP3炎性體驅(qū)動(dòng)的IL-1β/IL-18釋放加劇組織損傷 [12]。
這表明三者構(gòu)成炎癥“核心三角”，其動(dòng)態(tài)平衡對(duì)維持免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)至關(guān)重要。
4. 治療策略與臨床前景
針對(duì)IL-6、IL-1β與TNF-α的靶向治療已在多種疾病中取得突破：
- IL-6阻斷劑（如托珠單抗）在類(lèi)風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎及細(xì)胞因子風(fēng)暴中效果顯著；
- IL-1β抑制劑（Canakinumab）可降低心血管炎癥；
- TNF-α拮抗劑（Infliximab、Etanercept）已成為炎癥性疾病的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)療法。
此外，miRNA調(diào)控、炎性體抑制劑及天然化合物多靶點(diǎn)干預(yù)為新一代抗炎策略提供方向。
5. 總結(jié)
IL-6、IL-1β與TNF-α是炎癥信號(hào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的核心樞紐，在維系免疫平衡與介導(dǎo)病理炎癥中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。三者通過(guò)NF-κB、MAPK及JAK/STAT3等通路形成多層交叉調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)，其精確的時(shí)空表達(dá)決定了炎癥反應(yīng)的強(qiáng)度與持續(xù)性。異常激活或反饋失衡可導(dǎo)致慢性炎癥、組織損傷及多種疾病的發(fā)生，包括代謝紊亂、自身免疫病、神經(jīng)炎癥與腫瘤等。系統(tǒng)解析三者的信號(hào)通路與相互作用，不僅深化了對(duì)炎癥反應(yīng)分子機(jī)制的理解，也為精準(zhǔn)抗炎與多靶點(diǎn)治療提供理論基礎(chǔ)。
值得注意的是，IL-6、IL-1β與TNF-α的檢測(cè)在科研與臨床研究中同樣具有重要意義。通過(guò)定量監(jiān)測(cè)這些關(guān)鍵炎癥介質(zhì)的水平，可用于評(píng)估疾病活動(dòng)度、驗(yàn)證炎癥模型、監(jiān)控治療反應(yīng)以及篩選潛在生物標(biāo)志物。準(zhǔn)確、靈敏的檢測(cè)手段能夠?yàn)榛A(chǔ)研究提供可靠數(shù)據(jù)支撐，并為臨床決策提供早期預(yù)警依據(jù)。
華美生物提供的炎癥因子ELISA檢測(cè)試劑盒套裝現(xiàn)涵蓋IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α等多種核心炎癥因子，能夠幫助科研人員高效評(píng)估炎癥反應(yīng)的分子特征，加速機(jī)制研究與轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用進(jìn)程。
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